Nios class 10th social science most important question with answer in English Medium

Q 1. ‘14th November’ is celebrated as which one of the following days in our country? 

(A) Paryavaran Divas

(B) Qaumi Ekta Divas

(C) Children’s Day

(D) Sadbhavana Divas

Answer – (C) Children’s Day

Q 2. Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers Act (Recognition of Forest Rights Act) was passed in which one of the following years?

(A) 2002

(C) 2006

(B) 2004

(D) 2008

Answer – (C) 2006

Q 3. According to the census 2011 which one of the following states has the lowest sex ratio?

(A) Haryana

(C) Jharkhand

(B) Bihar

(D) Madhya Pradesh

Answer – (A) Haryana

Q 4. Who among the following was the first elected President of ‘Indian National Congress’?

(A) Lala Lajpat Rai

(B) Surendra Nath Banerjee

(C) Gopal Krishna Gokhale

(D) Womesh Chandra Banerjee

Answer – (D) Womesh Chandra Banerjee

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Q 5. Which of the following conditions regarding temperature is correct when one moves towards the equator?

(A) It Increases

(C) It remains stable

(B) It decreases

(D) It Fluctuates

Answer – (A) It Increases

Q 6. In which of the following years were the Indian states reorganized on linguistic basis?

(A) 1953

(B) 1954

(C) 1955

(D) 1956 

Answer – (A) 1953

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Q 7. In which of the following years free and compulsory education act was passed in Indian parliament?

(A) 2009

(B) 2010

(C) 2011

(D) 2012

Answer – (A) 2009

Q 8. Germany, Austria and Italy signed the Triple Alliance in which of the following years?

(A) 1882

(C) 1886

(B) 1884

(D) 1888

Answer – (A) 1882

 Q 9. Which of the following age enables a person to cast her/his vote in General elections?

(A) 16 years

(B) 17 years

(C) 18 years

(D) 19 years

Answer – (C) 18 years

Q 10. Which of the following is the most serious problem that affects agriculture?

(A) Soil Erosion

(B) Land Salination

(C) Land Alkalization

(D) Loss of nutrients

Answer – (A) Soil Erosion

Q 11. Describe the condition of Italy before its unification.

Answer – Conditions of Italy before unification:

• Political fragmentation.
• Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as the multi-national Habsburg Empire.
• During the middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into seven states.
• Out of seven, only one Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian Princely House.
• The North was under Austrian Habsburgs.
• The centre was ruled by the Pope.
• Southern regions were under Bourbon kings of Spain.
• The Italian language had not acquired one common form. It still had many regional and local variations.

Q 12. Explain the making of United Nations Organization after the Second World War.

Answer – United Nations Organization: The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945 after the Second World War by 51 countries committed to maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations and promoting social progress, better living standards and human rights.

Objectives of the formation of the United Nations organisation:

• The primary goals of the United Nations Organization (UNO) are to maintain global peace and security, to promote the well-being of the world’s peoples, and to achieve these goals via international and friendly collaboration.
• The United Nations Organization promotes worldwide cooperation in economically, socially, and cultural development.
• The UNO objective includes acknowledging all the fundamental human rights of the people.
• The UN also aims to foster good ties between governments based on the ideals of equal rights and self-determination.
• And to serve as a commonplace of the centre for coordinating these national initiatives toward common goals.

Q 13. Describe any four obligatory functions of a Gram Panchayat.

OR

Describe the role of Gram Sabha in a Gram Panchayat.

Answer – The Work of the Gram Panchayat includes:

• The construction and maintenance of water sources, roads, drainage, school buildings and other common property resources.
• Levying and collecting local taxes.
• Executing government schemes related to generating employment in the village.
• Helps in improving the breeding of cattle
• The management of the local transport for better connectivity.

Gram Sabha in a Gram Panchayat

The Village Panchayat or Gram Panchayat is the executive committee of Gram Sabha. It is the most important unit of rural local self-government. all the members of each Gram Sabha are voters who elect the members of the Panchayat by a secret ballot. In most of the States, a Village Panchayat has 5 to 9 members who are called Panches.

In every Panchayat, one-third of the seats are reserved for women. However, there are States where the percentage of seats reserved for women is even more. Seats are also reserved for persons belonging to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The Sarpanch (Mukhia) of the Panchayat is directly elected by all the voters of the village. Some offices of Sarpanches are now reserved for women, and some for persons belonging to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Sarpanch calls the meetings of the Panchayat and presides over those meetings. He/She is to call at least one meeting of the Panchayat per month. The Panches can also request him/her for calling a special meeting. He/She has to call such special meeting within three days of the request. Sarpanch keeps the records of the meetings of Panchayat. The Panchayat can assign any special function to him/ her. A Vice Chairperson is elected by the members of the Panchayat. The tenure of the Village Panchayat is of 5 years.

Q 14. Examine the role of a ‘Polling Officer’ during elections in India.  

Answer – Role of a Polling Officer during elections in India         

• The role of polling Officer is to ensure that voters are able to cast their vote in secret, free from influence and in a calm atmosphere.
• Polling Officers are responsible for the conduct of the ballot in the polling station and they must have a sound knowledge of the voting procedures.
• They check the names of the voters in the electoral roll put indelible ink on the finger of the voter issue ballot papers and ensure that votes are secretly cast by each voter.

Q 15. Explain the significance of Peasant Movements in India during 19th century.

Answer – Significance of Peasant Movements in India during 19th century:

Peasant Movements are a part of social movements against British atrocities in the 18th and 19th centuries of the British Colonial Period. These movements had the sole purpose of restoring the earlier forms of rule and social relations.

The aggressive economic policies of the British shattered the traditional agrarian system of India and worsened the condition of peasants. The peasant revolts taking place in various parts of the country were mainly directed at these policies. Though these revolts were not aimed at uprooting the British rule from India, they created awareness among the Indians. They now felt a need to organise and fight against exploitation and oppression. In short, these rebellions prepared the ground for various other uprisings such as Sikh Wars in Punjab and finally the Revolt of 1857.

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Q 16. Describe the specific features of coalitional politics in India. Cite one example of such a government.

Answer – Coalitional politics: A coalition government is a form of government in which political parties cooperate to form a government.

The features of coalitional politics in India:

• A coalition implies the existence of a least two partners
• The underlying principle of a coalition system stands on the simple fact of temporary conjunction of specific interest.
• Coalition politics is not a static but a dynamic affair as coalition players and groups can dissolve and form new ones
• The keynote of coalition politics is compromise and rigid dogma has no place in it.
• A coalition works on the basis of a minimum programme, which may not be ideal for each partner of the coalition.
• Pragmatism and not ideology are the hall-mark of coalition politics. In making political adjustments, principles may have to be set aside.
• The purpose of a coalition adjustment is to seize power.

Example of coalition government

• The process of fragmentation of the national party system and the emergence of minority or coalition governments started in India from 1967.
• The first coalition ministry of Morarji Desai lasted for 857 days (between March 1977 and June 1979).
• It was also the first non-Congress national government, which existed from 24 March 1977 to 15 July 1979, headed by the Janata Party.

 Q 17. Explain any four factors affecting the climate of India.

Answer- Climate: Climate is the long-term pattern of weather in a particular area. Weather can change from hour-to-hour, day-to-day, month-to-month or even year-to-year. A region’s weather patterns, usually tracked for at least 30 years, are considered its climate.

Factors Affecting the Climate of India:

1. Latitude: Since the world is a sphere, not all places receive the same amount of sunlight. As we move from the equator to the poles, the temperature drops.
2. Altitude: As we climb higher above the surface of the earth, the temperature drops.
3. Pressure and Wind System: The latitude and altitude of each location affect the pressure and wind system there. As a result, it affects the temperature appropriately.
4. Proximity to the sea: Due to the distance from the sea, coastal areas are cooler than inland areas. Extreme weather conditions are more prevalent and their effect diminishes as the distance from the ocean increases.
5. Ocean Currents: The temperature of an area will be lowered by cold ocean currents passing over it while its temperature will be raised by warmer currents.
6. Relief features: The barriers that prevent the entry of streams into the country are known as relief facilities. cold or warm winds are blocked by high mountains

Q 18. How do the terrorists compel the government to accept their demands? Explain.

Answer- Terrorism: Terrorism is the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government or its citizens to further certain political or social objectives.

Terrorists force the government to accede to their demands

1. Attrition: Terrorism is used as part of an attrition strategy, meant to inflict pain on the other side so as to undermine the adversary’s will, rather than its capacity, to fight. However, terrorist attacks are not the only way to fight a war of attrition.
2. Intimidation: Terrorism is the use of force or violence against persons or property in violation of the criminal laws of the United States for purposes of intimidation, coercion, or ransom.

Terrorists often use threats to: Create fear among the public. Try to convince citizens that their government is powerless to prevent terrorism.

3. Provocation: The basic logic of provocation theory holds that terrorists can use the strength of the government against it by goading it into adopting harsh countermeasures that harm civilians, or at the very least impose upon their liberties.
4. Outbidding: The phenomenon of outbidding, in which terrorist groups escalate their attacks in response to competition from other groups, has long been studied in a domestic terrorism context. If groups exist in the same state, they may compete with one another for the same resources from civilians of that state.

Answer – Indigo was cultivated through the ryotic system. In this system planters made the ryots to sign a contract or an agreement. After taking the loan the farmer was committed to grow indigo at 25% of the land holding. The seeds were provided by the British.

The britishers forced Indian farmers to grow indigo because indigo planting became more and more commercially profitable because of the demand for blue dye in Europe. The indigo planters persuaded the peasants to plant indigo instead of food crops.

The reasons for discontent of the farmers for Cultivation of indigo:

1. Exploitation by indigo planters: The farmers were often subject to harsh treatment and exploitation by the indigo planters, who were more concerned with maximizing profits than with the well-being of the farmers. The farmers were often forced to grow indigo on their land, even if it was not the most suitable crop, and they received little in return for their hard work.
2. Debt: Many farmers fell into debt as a result of their involvement in the indigo industry. They were often required to purchase supplies and equipment from the planters at inflated prices, and they had little bargaining power to negotiate better terms. As a result, many farmers found themselves trapped in a cycle of debt that was difficult to escape.
3. Loss of land: Some farmers lost their land as a result of their involvement in the indigo industry. They were often forced to mortgage their land in order to finance their participation in the indigo trade, and they sometimes lost their land if they were unable to repay their debts.

Q 20. Explain any four causes for the declining of ‘Indus Valley Civilisation’.

Answer – Indus Valley Civilisation: The Indus Valley Civilization was established around 3300 BC. It flourished between 2600 BC and 1900 BC. It started declining around 1900 BC and disappeared around 1400 BC. This is also called Harappan Civilization after the first city to be excavated, Harappa (Punjab, Pakistan).

The causes decline of Indus Valley Civilization is:

Archaeologists believe that the civilization did not come to an abrupt end but gradually declined. People moved eastwards and cities were abandoned.

1. There is evidence that by around 1800 BCE, most Mature Harappan sites in places like Cholistan had been abandoned.
2. Concurrently, there was a population increase into new settlements in Gujarat, Haryana, and western Uttar Pradesh.
3. Many scholars believe that climatic change was to blame for the fall of the Indus Valley Civilization.
4. Some scholars believe that the drying of the Saraswati River, which began approximately 1900 BCE, was the primary cause of climatic change, while others believe that a large flood hit the area.
5. Various components of the Indus Civilisation have been discovered in succeeding cultures, indicating that the civilization did not vanish suddenly owing to an invasion.
6. Many researchers believe that changes in river patterns caused the big civilisation to disintegrate into smaller settlements known as late Harappan civilizations.

Q 21. Define ‘Directive Principles of State Policy’. Explain its any three characteristics.

Answer – Directive Principles of State Policy: The directive principles ensure that the State shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing a social order in which social, economic and political justice is animated/informed in all institutions of life as per Article 38 (1).

The characteristics of Directive Principles of State Policy:

DPSP are Non – Justiciable; Supported by Public Opinion: The Directive Principles are non – justiciable. Legal sanctions do not support Directive Principles. However, these are supported by public opinion which in reality is also the legal sanction behind the law.

DPSP Provides Welfare of People: The Directive Principles strive to enhance the welfare of the people by attaining a social order in which social, economical, and political conditions are informed in all institutions of life as per Article (38) of the Indian Constitution.

DSPS Act as a Yardstick for Measuring Governments Worth: Directive Principles act as a yardstick through which the people should measure the worth of the government. A government that does not implement the Directive Principles can be rejected by the people in favour of the Government by another political party that is expected to provide the required importance and value to the task of attaining Directive Principles.

DSPS are Source of Continuity in Policies: Directive principles are like a source of continuity in policies, in which the Government changes after a few years and every new Government makes different policies and laws of the country. The presence of such guidelines is significant because it ensures that every Government will follow the set of rules in the form of DSPS while formulating its laws.

DSPS are Supplementary to Fundamental Rights: DSPS can be considered as the positive directions for the state which helps in attaining the social and economical dimensions of democracy. DSPS are supplementary to Fundamental rights which grants political rights and other freedom. Directive Principles and Fundamental rights are nothing without each other as one provides social and economical rights whereas the other provides political rights.

Q 22. Explain any four characteristics of political party.

Answer – Political party: A group of people who come together to hold power and form government by contesting and winning elections is known as a political party.

The characteristics of political party

1. Gaining power: The political parties compete against each other for the same thing, and as long as the rivalry is fair, there is nothing wrong with aiming for power.
2. Pursuing an ideology: A party’s ideology is defined by how it responds to particular social challenges. Most political parties today have similar views, making it challenging for the average voter to choose which party to support.
3. Having a Common Agenda: Parties develop their agenda based on their respective philosophies. In order to win elections and execute their plan, they want to win over the masses.
4. To set up the government: the administration is formed by the political party with the most votes; The opposition consists of parties with fewer votes.
5. To act as a link between the people and the government: the people and the government are linked through political parties. They convey public concerns and requests to elected officials, while the government works through political parties to win public support for its policies and programs.

Q 23. Describe the social and economic changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century.

Answer – The Industrial Revolution transformed economies that had been based on agriculture and handicrafts into economies based on large-scale industry, mechanized manufacturing, and the factory system. New machines, new power sources, and new ways of organizing work made existing industries more productive and efficient.

The Industrial Revolution shifted from an agrarian economy to a manufacturing economy where products were no longer made solely by hand but by machines. This led to increased production and efficiency, lower prices, more goods, improved wages, and migration from rural areas to urban areas.

In the 18th century came the Industrial Revolution. It brought social and economic changes that marked the transition from a stable agricultural and commercial society to a modern industrial society. Historically, it refers to the period in British History from 1750 to 1850. Dramatic changes in the social and the economic structure took place as inventions and new technology created the factory system of large-scale machine production and greater economic specialization. The population which was employed in agriculture now gathered in urban factories.

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Q 24. Mention any two Constitutional values given in the Preamble of the Indian Constitution.

Answer – Constitutional values given in the Preamble of the Indian Constitution

Secularism

India is one of the largest secular countries in the world as it is the home and birthplace of major religions of the world. Secularism implies that India is not guided by any religion or any religious considerations, allowing all citizens to profess, preach and practice any religion they follow. At the same time, it ensures that the state does not have any religion of its own. The Indian Constitution strictly prohibits any discrimination on the grounds of religion.

Socialism

Socialism is a system in which every person in the community has an equal share of the various production, distribution, and exchange of resources. Socialism has been made a constitutional value to promote social change and transformation to end all forms of inequalities. Our Constitution directs the governments and the people to ensure a planned and coordinated social development in all fields. It refers to preventing the concentration of wealth and power in a few hands.

Q 25. Explain the contribution of the Gupta rulers in the field of administration.

Answer – Gupta Administration

• In Gupta Empire, the king was directed in his administration by a community and group consisting of a chief minister and a Senapati.
• The Gupta empire had a system of administrative units that ran from top to bottom, according to an analysis of its epigraphical records.
• The empire had many names, including Rajya, Desha, Rashtra, Mandala, Avani, and Prithvi.
• There were 26 provinces with the names Bhukti, Bhoga, and Pradesh.
• Additionally, in the Gupta period, provinces were split into Vishayas and given to the Vishayapatis.
• The Adhikarana, the council of representatives, was composed of 4 representatives Sarthavaha, Nagarasreshesthi, Prathamakulika, and Prathama Kayastha.
• They assisted a Vishayapati in administering the Vishaya. The Vishaya had a section known as Vithi.
• The Byzantine Empires, the Sassanids, and the Gupta also had commercial ties.

Q 26. Explain the main features of the Later Vedic Period society.

Answer – Features of the Later Vedic Period society

Social Position of the Women

The ladies of the Later Vedic Era forfeited their high positions. Which they normally had enjoyed in the Rig Veda Age. They were robbed of their privileges in the Upanayana ritual. All their customs, barring marriage, were conducted without the recitation of the Vedic Mantras. Polygamy began to exist in this society. Females were not allowed to observe the political masses. The conception of a daughter child became unpleasant as they were assumed as a source of misery. The concepts of juvenile marriage and dowry also crawled in.

The caste system

Society of the Later Vedic period underwent a great change. The caste system crawled into it. The society was divided into four Varnas called the Brahmanas, Rajanyas or Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and the Sudras. Various sub-castes came later in addition to the traditional four castes. The Brahmanas and the Kshatriyas were seen as the two leading castes. The Vaishyas were superior to the Shudras. The Shudras were seen as the lowest of the four castes and were made to do all the inferior works.

Religious Conditions

During the later Vedic period, religious beliefs underwent a significant change. This period saw the arrival of New Gods and Goddesses. The Rig Veda Gods like Varuna, Indra, Agni, Surya, Usha lost their charm. Gods like Shiva, Rupa, Vishnu, Brahma, etc., made their way into the religious heavens of the later Vedic Period. The concept of rituals and sacrifices also prevailed during this period but later declined a little as some big rituals could only be carried out by highly trained and knowledgeable Brahmins.

Q 27. Explain any four characteristics of Monsoon in India.

Answer –

• Monsoons are the heavy rains during the rainy season, usually from June to September. They occasionally extend to October
• There are large scale sea or ocean breezes during the monsoons.
• The monsoons usually arrive after the summer season.
• Monsoons always blow from cold to warm regions.
• In India, there are South-west Monsoons and North East Monsoons. The first comes from the Arabian Sea and the latter comes from the Bay of Bengal.

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Q 28. Describe any four features of the Indian Constitution.

Answer – Four features of the Indian Constitution

1. Constitution being supreme: The constitution is said to be the main source of power to all the three wings of Indian democracy the legislative, the executive, and the Judiciary. Supremacy of the constitution is important for the coordinated and smooth functioning of the democracy
2. Written Constitution: The federal constitution must be written and unambiguous. Without the written constitution the demarcation of powers between the union and the states would be immensely difficult. It would be a tough challenge to maintain constitutional supremacy if there cannot be a reference to a written text. Federal Polity is indeed immensely complex, and clarity is essential
3. Constitutional Rigidity: If the constitution is immensely rigid and hence it is easy to amend it. Also, since it is rigid it is easy to maintain its supremacy. Amendments to the constitution can be made by simple majority, special majority, or special majority along with a ramification of the Union
4. Division of Power: This is one of the important features of the federal constitution. The Division of Power is done by the constitution itself. The constitution identifies the powers that are rested with the union and the states. Both the governments at the union and states are independent in their charge. Items of national importance like defence, foreign affairs, the currency of the country, etc. are union or central subjects, and subjects like health, land agriculture fall under the domain of the states.

Q 29. Explain the powers of Governor of a state.

Answer – Powers and functions of governor

1. Executive powers: Executive powers refer to the powers and functions of governor as executed by the council of ministers in the governor’s name. As a result, the Governor is simply the ceremonial head, while the board of ministers is the true executive. On the suggestion of the Chief Minister, the Governor appoints the following posts to serve throughout his term Advocate General, Chief Minister of the State, and other state ministries. He has the power to recommend to the President that a state of constitutional emergency be proclaimed. During the President’s reign in a state, the governor has significant administrative powers and works as an agent of the President.
2. Legislative powers: When a Governor is given a bill (other than a money bill) for his permission, he either gives his approval, withholds his consent, or returns the bill to the Houses for reconsideration He must either provide his consent or reserve the statement for President and Cabinet consideration if the law is enacted again by the state legislature, with or without revisions. In terms of the legislature, he has the authority to summon, prorogue, and dissolve the legislative assembly if it loses confidence.
3. Financial Powers: Only his proposal may be presented in the state legislature once he files an annual financial account to the legislature. No grant request may be made unless he recommends it. Money from the contingency reserve can be taken to cover unexpected expenses. Every five years, he appoints a finance panel to assess the financial position of municipalities and panchayats.
4. Judicial powers: The President consults with the governor of the state in question when appointing judges to the State High Court.

Q 30. Highlight the various stages of the Election Process in India.

Answer – The election in India is comprised of various stages:

1. Formation of constituencies: Constituency is a territorial area from where a candidate contests election.
2. Filling of nominations: Nomination papers are filled with the returning officers.
3. Scrutiny of nomination papers: Scrutiny is done to check whether the information given in the nomination papers is correct or not.
4. Withdrawal of nominations: Once the scrutiny is over, the candidates are given a date for withdrawal.
5. Election campaign: Campaigning is the process by which a candidate tries to persuade the voters to vote for him rather than others. The various campaigning techniques are holding rallies, meetings, processions, pasting of posters, distributing hand bills, door-to-door canvassing etc.
6. Polling: The election campaign stops 48 hours before polling is held on the due date. Presiding officers and Polling officers supervise the whole polling process. The voters exercise their vote through secret ballot.
7. Counting and declaration of results: After the voting is over the ballot boxes are sealed and taken to a counting centre. On a fixed date and time, counting is done. Candidates getting the highest number of votes are declared elected.

Q 31. Examine the main features of the Government of India Act 1935.

Answer – Features of the Government of India Act 1935:

• The Government of India Act was passed by the British Parliament in August 1935. It was the longest act enacted by the British Parliament at that time. It was divided into two separate acts namely, the Government of India Act 1935 and the Government of Burma Act 1935.
• It led to the establishment of a federal system of the Indian Government.
• It divided the powers between the centre and the states or provinces.
• Certain powers lie only with the centre, while the others lie only with the states. However, there were powers that lay with both the centre and the states.
• There were 36 common powers.
• It led to the abolishment of independent authorities in the states. Though the provinces could act as an independent authority within their acquired areas, the centre had a ruling authority over them.
• The Governor was the ruling authority in the states. This continued in 1937 but was abolished in 1939.
• It proposed diarchy, but the states rejected this, as they refused to be ruled over.
• It also introduced the concept of having two chambers within the state. One was termed the Upper house, and the other the Lower house. However, the houses were to work under many restrictions.
• The states where these houses came into play were Madras, Bombay, Bengal and others.
• There was a feature of representation of people in the community. It meant separate electorates were to be made for the scheduled castes, workers and women.
• The secretary of the state of India was to be appointed by a team of advisors.

Q 32. List four efforts to protect biodiversity.

Answer – Efforts to protect biodiversity:

• All the varieties of food, timber plants, livestock, microbes and agricultural animals should be conserved.
• All the economically important organisms should be identified and conserved.
• Unique ecosystems should be preserved first.
• The resources should be utilized efficiently.
• Poaching and hunting of wild animals should be prevented.
• The reserves and protected areas should be developed carefully.
• The levels of pollutants should be reduced in the environment.
• Deforestation should be strictly prohibited.
• Environmental laws should be followed strictly.
• The useful and endangered species of plants and animals should be conserved in their nature as well as artificial habitats.
• Public awareness should be created regarding biodiversity conservation and its importance.

Q 33. “India has a unique geographical location.” Support the statement.

Answer – India is a well-known geographical unit because, our country’s geographical characteristics are enriched with different elements, such as

• Peninsular location of our country is one of the most advantageous geographical characteristics of our country.
• The diverse weather expansion in different parts of our country.
• The mineral enriched and fertile soil distribution in our country.

Q 34. Describe the significance of the production of oilseeds in India.

Answer – Oilseed Cultivation

India’s agricultural economy has historically been based on oilseeds. Next to China, Brazil, and the United States, India has the fourth-largest vegetable oil economy in the world. In terms of acreage and production, oilseed crops are second only to food grains in importance to India’s agricultural economy.

A significant group of commercial crops in India is oilseeds. Oilseeds are an essential part of our nutrition, and the oil collected from them is used to make a variety of products, including paints, varnishes, hydrogenated oil, soaps, perfumes, lubricants, and others. Oil cake, the residue left over after oilseeds are stripped of their oil, is a crucial component of both manure and animal feed.

Key Points to increase oilseeds crops production in India:

• Extending irrigation to more oilseed fields
• Encouragement of cutting-edge agriculture technologies and improved dry farming
• Encouraging the growth of oil palm.
• To further revitalize the oil sector, it is necessary to broaden the scope of research, spread new technologies, and institutional action. Increasing public research funding in oilseed crops for the creation of strains resistant to biotic and abiotic stress is one aspect of this.
• To meet the demand for a better yield specific to each variety, strengthen the oilseed crop seed chain, especially in the case of peanuts.
• Encourage private sector involvement in oilseed crop processing and value addition. Constraints for poor capacity usage should also be taken into consideration.
• Ensure the availability of essential financial (loan options, crop insurance), technical (extension services), and physical (fertilizers, pesticides) inputs in the main agricultural ecological zones for oilseed crops.
• To ensure a competitive market for oilseeds and edible oil, in addition to adequate protective measures to prevent unfair competition from the international markets, other measures would include market reforms and policies, such as contract farming and public-private partnerships in production and processing.

Q 35. What are the major challenges faced by Indian agriculture? Describe any four.

Answer – Challenges faced by Indian agriculture

1. Water scarcity: India has a high population density and a large agricultural sector, which puts a strain on water resources, making it difficult for farmers to irrigate their crops.
2. Soil degradation: Unsustainable farming practices, such as overuse of pesticides and fertilizers, have led to soil degradation and reduced crop yields in many parts of India.
3. Lack of access to markets: Small farmers in India often have difficulty accessing markets to sell their products, which can limit their income and economic growth.
4. Food security: India has a large population and a high level of food insecurity, which requires increasing food production and ensuring that food is accessible and affordable for all.
5. Climate change: India is particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, such as changing weather patterns and increased frequency of extreme weather events, which can reduce crop yields and make farming more difficult.

Q 36. Justify with four examples ‘Population as a resource’.

Answer – Population as a resource

• Population is an important resource as it is the human resources that ultimately affect the progress of a country. Its qualitative aspects like literacy and life expectancy contribute to the economic and social progress of a nation.
• More educated the population, the more the skill supply which will be used by industries to manufacture products. Apart from that, it will lead to more development of technology. This will eventually contribute to the economic prosperity of the country.
• Population become resource is if the population increases the resource increases. human resource it is depends on skills and development of the people.

Q 37. Why was Jyotirao Govindrao Phule considered an eminent reformer in India? Explain any four reasons.

Answer – Jyotirao Govindrao Phule (11 April 1827 – 28 November 1890) was an Indian social activist, thinker, anti-caste social reformer and writer from Maharashtra. His work extended to many fields, including eradication of untouchability and the caste system and for his efforts in educating women and oppressed caste people.

Jyotiba Phule and Satya Shodhak Samaj

Jyotiba Phule founded the Satya Shodhak Samaj in the year 1873. (Society of Seekers of Truth). He conducted a methodical deconstruction of historical ideas and beliefs before rebuilding one that promoted equality. The Hindus’ ancient holy texts, the Vedas, were harshly denounced by Jyotirao. He used a number of other ancient writings to trace the origins of Brahmanism and accused the Brahmins of creating cruel and exploitative regulations in an effort to preserve their social supremacy by repressing the “shudras” and “atishudras” in society. The Satya Shodhak Samaj’s mission was to rid society of caste prejudice and free the disadvantaged lower caste people from the stigmatization brought on by the Brahmins.

The word “Dalits” was initially used by Jyotirao Phule to refer to everyone whom the Brahmins regarded as belonging to a lower caste and being untouchable. Everyone was welcome to join the Samaj, regardless of caste or class. According to some documented accounts, they even encouraged Jews to join the Samaj. By 1876, the “Satya Shodhak Samaj” had 316 members. Jyotirao made the decision to build a communal bathing tank outside his home in 1868 to demonstrate his tolerant attitude toward all people and his desire to eat with anyone, regardless of caste.

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Q 38. Describe the achievements of Chandragupta Maurya.

Answer – Introduction

Under the leadership of Chandragupta Maurya and Chanakya, the Maurya Empire was founded in the Magadha region. The Mauryan Empire, which lasted from 321 BCE to 185 BCE, was the first pan-Indian monarchy to control the majority of the Indian subcontinent. Land consolidation was initiated by Chandragupta Maurya as Alexander the Great’s power began to wane.

After Alexander’s death in 323 BCE, Chandragupta gathered an army, overthrew the Nanda kingdom in eastern India’s Magadha region, and established the Mauryan Empire. The Nanda Empire was a substantial, aggressive, and prosperous empire. After the Nanda Dynasty was overthrown, the Maurya Empire entered the picture.

Chandragupta Maurya: Chandragupta Maurya was the founder of the Mauryan dynasty. Chandragupta Maurya laid the groundwork for the Mauryan Empire in the fourth century BC. He built a strong army and a sizable empire from the ground up. He deposed the Greek Satraps of the North-West Frontier and the Nandas of Magadha, uniting most of the Indian subcontinent under his one-party rule.

Achievements of Chandragupta Maurya:

The Mauryan dynasty was situated on rich alluvial soil near iron deposits with Magadha as the heart of bustling commerce and trade. The capital, Pataliputra, was a city of magnificent palaces, temples, a university, a library, and parks. A highly centralized and hierarchical government with a large staff regulated tax collection, trade and commerce, industrial arts, mining, the welfare of foreigners, and maintenance of public places including markets and temples.

Administration: A disciplined central authority. The entire Empire was divided into four provinces. A network of regional governors and administrators and a civil service provided justice and security. General prosperity and improved law enforcement reduced instances of crime and internal conflicts.

Trade: Maurya sponsored many public works and waterways to enhance productivity. Political unity and internal peace lead to expansion of internal trade in India. The empire exported silk goods and textiles, spices, and exotic foods. There was a rich exchange of scientific knowledge and technology with Europe and West Asia. Ashoka also built roads, waterways, canals, hospitals, and rest houses.

Economy: For the first time in South Asia, political unity and military security allowed for a common economic system that enhanced trade and increased agricultural productivity. Chandragupta Maurya established a single currency across India. Farmers paid taxes and crop collection to a nationally administered and strict-but-fair system of taxation.

Military: The Mauryan army destroyed powerful chieftains who sought to impose their own supremacy in small areas. The Empire boasted the largest standing army of its time: 600,000 infantry, 30,000 cavalry, and 9,000 war elephants. A vast espionage system provided both internal and external security. Even after renouncing warfare and expansionism, Ashoka maintained this large army to maintain stability and peace.

Religion: Hinduism was the only religion at the beginning of the empire. The Mauryans were secular rulers, and their tolerant approach gave birth to three diverse religions in India: Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism. Even after embracing Buddhism, Ashoka kept Hindu Brahmana priests and ministers in his court. The Mauryans discouraged the caste system and discrimination.

Conclusion

Chandragupta established a dynasty that ruled India and the southern portion of Central Asia until 185 BCE. He not only built an empire on his own, despite all obstacles, but he also established sound governance principles and worked tirelessly for its expansion. These accomplishments made him one of ancient India’s most powerful rulers and a near-mythical figure in folklore.

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Q 39. How did the First-World-War influence India? Explain.

Answer –   Introduction

World War I, also known as the First World War or the Great War, was an international

conflict that engulfed much of Europe, as well as Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other countries, from 1914 to 1918

Britain was also involved in First-World-War and Britain was ruled by India in those days, therefore our soldiers had to join this war. at that time there was a period of dominance of Indian nationalism, these nationalists believed that as a result of Britain’s contribution to the war, the British would be lenient towards the Indian residents and would get more constitutional rights.

First-World-War Impact on India:

Political Impact

• In India, the return of Punjabi soldiers after the end of the war also aroused political activity against colonial rule in that province, which became the spark for further wider protests. Punjab which supplied a large proportion of the troops turned into an epicenter of nationalism after the war.
• There was a surge of nationalism and rise of mass civil disobedience when the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms failed to deliver on the expectation of home rule that had led to popular support for the British war effort.
• As the war dragged on, casualties mounted and recruitment methods grew more coercive, resentment grew to fuel nationalism.

Social Impact

• Between 1911 and 1921, literacy rates increased significantly in heavily recruited communities. This effect is strongest for men of military age, which is consistent with the notion that soldiers learned to read and write on their foreign campaigns.
• Respect for particular communities who participated in the war grew in the society.
• The huge number of non-combatants were also recruited from India- such as nurses, doctors etc. leaving Indian society deprived of essential services in a situation where such skills were already scarce in India.

Economic Impact

• There was a sharp increase in demand for Indian goods in Britain as production capabilities in Britain itself were diverted to the war effort.
• However, the disruption in shipping lanes because of the war also meant that Indian industry faced inconvenience because of the shortage of inputs that were earlier imported from Britain and Germany. There was excess demand as well as supply bottlenecks.
• Another result was inflation. Industrial prices nearly doubled in the six years after 1914. Accelerating prices benefitted Indian industry.
• Farm prices rose as well, but at a slower pace than industrial prices. The internal terms of trade (ratio of export prices to import prices) moved against agriculture. This trend continued for most of the next few decades, and especially during the collapse in global commodity prices during the Great Depression.

Conclusion

The first world war altered the economic and political situations in India .it leads to huge rise in defence expenditure of Government of India and intern increase taxes on individuals’ income and businesses profit. increase military expenditure and Demons for war supplies leads to a sharp rise in prices which created great difficulties for common people. the war created the demand for industrial goods and caused a decline of imports for other countries into India. so Indian industries expanded during the war and Indian businesses groups began to demand greater opportunity for development.

Q 40. Why is there a need of electoral reforms in India? Explain.

Answer – Introduction

Electoral reforms can make the democratic process more inclusive by bringing more people under the electoral process, reduce corruption, which is pervasive, and make India a stronger democracy.

The need of electoral reforms in India

• It is expected that electoral reforms will contribute to better participation of the citizens in electoral practices, reduce corruption and strengthen democracy in India.
• Elections are used to form a government, change the ruling party, or any other function used to represent the voting mechanism.
• But only elections are not a criterion to fulfil the aspirations of people. Free and fair elections are necessary for healthy democracy.
• Electoral reforms refer to introduction of best practices in ensuring better responsible parliamentary democracy, removal of structural flaws, clean politics, honest politicians, maintain citizen’s trust, true representation and so on.
• Indian constitution’s article 324 -329 deals with the elections and electoral reforms.
• A simple voting can help in removal of criminalization of politics com upholding the secrecy of voters, secure free and fair elections, fair registration, and recognition of political parties the solution of delisting of voters, etc.
• The need for electoral reforms has also been felt mainly to fulfil the aspirations of young generation, prohibit any undue advantage of politics, and discourage the muscles and money power.
• One of the most demanded reforms is that of political finance. Recent disclosures on electoral bonds raise questions.
• India, being the largest democracy in the world, requires an ideal voting mechanism which is transparent, well authorised and citizen friendly.
• The increased corruption to buy the vote of the citizens illegally, to falsely use religion and caste to garner the faith of the citizens must be stopped.

Conclusion

The largest democracy in the world requires a successful electoral system. Free and fair, transparent, and flawless, no corruption and learned candidates are the basic needs of this electoral system. For that the apparent guidelines for the electoral system need to be reformed.

Q 41. Who announced the Partition of Bengal? Describe its impacts on Indian Society.

Answer – The Partition of Bengal: Lord Curzon, the Viceroy of India, planned and declared the Partition of Bengal in the year 1905.

Its impacts on Indian Society:

1. Resentment among Bengali Hindus

This reorganization made Muslims the majority community in eastern Bengal, while non-Bengalis (Biharis and Oriyas) became the majority in the west.

In 1903, as the details of the Bengal partition plan leaked out, Bengali dismay mounted. The separation reduced the speakers of the Bengali language to a minority in the western province. It provoked intense controversy among the Bhadralok, the educated elite of Calcutta. To the English-educated Bengali middle class, this was vivisection of their beloved homeland and a blatant attempt to reduce their power.

2. Increase in the stature of the Indian National Congress

The Indian National Congress was greatly embarrassed by the partition of Bengal. Lord Curzon had believed that Congress was no longer an effective force. But in what proved to be his last significant action, he gave it a cause to rally the public around and gain strength.

The Swadeshi Agitation transformed the Indian National Congress from a middle-class pressure group into a nationwide mass movement.

3. Swadeshi and Boycott movement

Congress launched the Swadeshi and Boycott Movement as an effective instrument against the partition. The boycott of British goods became very much popular among the youths. English goods were seized and burned publicly. Indians were encouraged to use the local products. Student community boycotted schools, colleges, and universities. It became a mass movement in West Bengal.

4. Radical nationalism in Bengal

The moderates led the boycott, but small groups committed to terrorist activity began to mobilize under its banner.

The partition of Bengal in 1905 triggered radical nationalism. Those associated with the terrorist secret societies imagined Bengal as the goddess of power and destruction, Kali, to whom they dedicated their weapons.

Kali cigarette was promoted to support the Swadeshi movement and the poor laborers of Bengal. The song, Bande Mataram, became the informal anthem of the nationalist movement after 1905.

5. National level protest

Nationalists across the country supported the Bengal’s cause. They were appalled at British arrogance and blatant tactics of divide and rule.

The protests spread to Punjab, Bombay, and Poona. The revival of the Ganapati festivals in western India was part of the protest.

6. Divide and rule policy

As the agitation against the partition grew in force, British officials, who had seen the whole exercise as one of simple administrative efficiency, understood the political merits of the partition scheme.

Curzon himself made an open bid for Muslim support in February 1904 with a visit to Dacca. He courted the Muslim landowners and spoke of partition as investing the Mohammedans of Eastern Bengal with a unity that they had not enjoyed since the days of the old Mussulman Viceroys and Kings. Sir Baffle Fuller, the first lieutenant governor of the new province of East Bengal and Assam, openly expressed favoritism towards Muslims.

Conclusion

The uproar caused by Curzon’s controversial decision to split Bengal, as well as the emergence of the ‘Extremist’ faction in the Congress, became the final impetus for separatist Muslim politics. Separate elections for Muslims and Hindus were established in 1909. Previously, many members of both communities had advocated for national unity among all Bengalis. With separate electorates, distinct political communities emerged, each with its own set of political goals. Muslims, too, dominated the Legislature, owing to their overall population of approximately 22 to 28 million people. Muslims began to demand the establishment of independent Muslim states in which their interests would be protected.

Q 42. Explain the process of Unification of Germany.

Answer- Introduction

German unification was achieved by the force of Prussia, and enforced from the top-down, meaning that it was not an organic movement that was fully supported and spread by the popular classes but instead was a product of Prussian royal policies.

Unification of Germany

The unification of Germany was achieved at a crucial point in history when many changes were taking place. The German unification was announced on 18 January 1871. The Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in France saw the princes from most of the German states assembled to accept King Wilhelm I of Prussia as the German Emperor during the Franco Prussian War. There existed a confederated realm of German princedoms with some adjacent lands. It dates back to the Treaty of Verdun of 843. There never existed a German sense of national identity. This came towards the beginning of the 19th century. This event had a major effect on Europe’s politics for decades. The German empire was officially unified and came to be dominated by the Prussian federalist structure.

Background of the Unification of Germany

The Unification of Germany follows a long history that dates back thousands of years. For us to fully understand the concept, let’s revisit it briefly;

• Germany was more of a collection of small kingdoms than a country or an empire before the unification. These empires came to be because of the Treaty of Verdun in 843.
• These kingdoms would comprise to be the basis of the Holy Roman Empire. However, there still did not exist a homogenous German identity until the 19th century.
  • This can be due to the autonomy of these princely states. They were not directly ruled by the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. So, there was a lot of heterogeneity in these states.
  • This system that organised several smaller empires together under an emperor was called the practice of Kleinstaaterei. Kleinstaaterei is a german word and pejorative which translates to small states.
  • The onset of the Industrial Revolution brought improvements and advancements in transportation and communication. This brought the far-flung regions in contact.
  • The scenario truly changed during the Napoleonic Wars in 1806, when France defeated the Holy Roman Empire.
  • In 1815, a German Confederation was re-established after being defeated by France. This gave rise to the beginning of German nationalism. A huge wave of it swept through the region at the beginning of the 19th century. The newfound feeling of belonging gave way to the need for centralisation of authority being felt by these princely states.

Conclusion

By 1871 both the kingdom of Italy and the empire of Germany were united. Even though both countries used popular trends to that time, both liberalism and nationalism, the process unifying these two countries was very different. The end result was Germany emerging as a strong nation and Italy appropriately, the weaker.

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Q 43. Describe the functions of the Indian Parliament.

Answer – Introduction

The parliament is a legislative body of the government. This body of the government looks after the rules, laws, and other important decisions that are taken for the general public. The parliament of India is a bicameral legislature that comprises the President of India and the two houses, namely Rajya Sabha or the Council of States and the Lok Sabha or the House of People.

The function of the Parliament

• The parliament’s main function is to make laws and rules to run the system in a transparent and peaceful way. Any law that has to be executed in the country first needs a green signal from both houses.
• Every bill that has to get executed first undergoes trial in both houses of legislation. Only after the approval of each member from both the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha does the bill get passed and then is exercised in the general public.
• The parliament also holds the power of making laws in the worst situation, if any prevails in the country. The president attains the power to make laws for the whole nation or any specific part of the country that undergoes any external aggression or war threats, or any similar distress conditions.
• The functions of the parliament are divided into certain categories under which the specific bodies take care of a specific part of the legislation. The parliament mainly has three types of legislation that take care of the specific roles.

The three types of parliamentary legislation functions are:

The Legislative Functions

Similar to other parliamentary bodies, the parliament of India has its main functionality given to its legislative body. The legislative body holds a greater power of civilisation and power making as compared to other bodies of governance.

• The fundamental function of the legislation of India includes the administration, passing the Budget, ventilation of public criticisms.
• The legislation comprises both the houses, i.e., the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. Any bills that require to be passed have to have the consent of both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha.
• The decisions or the laws related to the money bills hold a higher consent of the Lok Sabha than the Rajya Sabha.
• The legislative body also does hold power to impeach the President.

Executive Function

The executive function of the parliament consists of the President, the Vice-President, and the Council of Ministers, along with the Prime Minister as the chief of the body to aid and advise the President.

• The power to dismiss a proposed budget and remove the cabinet from power lies in the hands of the Executive body.
• The executive parliamentary body holds power to remove a government in power from the office by approving a motion of no confidence.
• The members of the parliament hold power to question the commissions and omissions made by the ministers and also have the power to expose the lapses made by any of the higher governmental bodies or ministers.
• The Motion to Adjourn is a power that is mainly exercised by the members of the Lok Sabha, under which the Lok Sabha body is allowed to enact the adjourn motion to bring the attention of any current trending issue which requires to be mainly focused, as such topics affect the regular business of the country.

Financial Functions

Any finance decisions, whenever it is made, have a higher priority in exercising power by the Legislative body. The final authority is the Parliament which regulates all finance-related issues, budgets, expenditures, etc.

• The executive body cannot even spend a single penny on its own until and unless there is approval from the higher legislative body of the country.
• Every year a Union budget is prepared by the finance ministers along with many other finance experts, which is then presented before the Parliamentary body for approval.
• All the tax-imposition plans which are made undergo trials by the legislative body, after which, when approved, get imposed un action.
• The two standing committees of the parliament, i.e., the Public Accounts and the Estimates Committee, regulate the flow of money in the country. This body of function checks out how the government spends its money.

Conclusion

India being a democratic country, exercises its powers which are given to them by the public itself. The various governmental bodies make the system more transparent. Any law or bill that gets raised in the legislative body requires a period of trial that is undertaken by the members of the parliamentary body. This brings in clarification and improvement in any of the laws before getting enacted. The trial of the bills brings out the criticism along with the beneficiary of the law or bill to be passed. All the legislative powers that the federal government of India holds are primarily vested in the Parliament.

Q 44. Describe the role of elections in a democratic society.

Answer – Introduction

A democratic society is one that works towards the ideals of democracy Respect for individuals, and their right to make their own choices. Tolerance of differences and opposing ideas. Equity valuing all people, and supporting them to reach their full potential.

Role of elections in a democratic society

The essence of democracy is equality. Elections give the opportunity to every adult citizen of the country to choose his/her representative. This makes the country truly democratic.

1. The election procedure just shows how important and crucial it is for a democracy. The process is very grand and takes place on a great level. As it requires a lot of work and attention, there are certain people who specifically get the responsibility of handling and managing the entire process.
2. Elections form the basis of democracy. They are very important as they help the people in getting a chance to contest the elections. It allows people to get a fair chance to work for their country and make a brighter future. Moreover, it also ensures that any person can become a part of the government without any discrimination on the basis of caste, creed, sex, religion or more.
3. Most importantly, elections entrust a big responsibility on the shoulders of the citizens. It helps in empowering the citizens of a democracy. You see that when a person earns the right to vote, they choose their government responsibly as they realize the power that lies within their hands.
4. Above all, the election process ensures fair play. They are a great way of preventing dishonest people from rigging the procedure. In short, fair and regular elections are a vital part of a democratic government. Similarly, they empower the common citizens of the nation to elect their government and also change it after a period of time to ensure everyone works for the best in the country.

Elections are important for the following reasons:

1. Public opinion and will is expressed through elections. They are essential for creating a vibrant, progressive and aware society.
2. People participate in the governance of their country by choosing their own representative through elections.
3. People are given a choice to allow the present government to continue to rule or to elect a new one altogether. This happens due to the occurrence of elections at regular intervals.
4. The right to vote is given to every adult citizen of the country, irrespective of his/her colour, race, religion and sex. Free and fair elections engage citizens as stakeholders in the social and economic progress of the country.

Conclusion

Democracy is a form of government where the ruling party is chosen by the people of the country. The party which can form the government must get the majority of the vote in the election and the election occurs every 5 years, so forming a government is not inherited.

Q 45. Examine the strategy of the Government of India employed to deal with terrorism in India as well as in the world.

Answer – Introduction

Terrorism can be defined as the calculated use of violence or the threat of violence to inculcate fear intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological.

Steps Taken by India

• India has been at the forefront of global action against terrorism and has always played an active role in the global promotion and protection of human rights.
• India, which has been a victim of cross-border terrorism, took cognizance of the threat long before the major world powers.
• It is a crime against humanity and violates the most Fundamental Human Right, namely the Right to Life (Article 21).
• Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System: It vastly improves the capability of Border Security Force (BSF) in detecting and controlling the cross-border crimes like illegal infiltration, smuggling of contraband goods, human trafficking and cross border terrorism, etc.
• Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967: It enables more effective prevention of certain unlawful activities of individuals and associations and for dealing with terrorist activities, and other related matters.
• National Investigation Agency: It is India’s counter-terrorist task force and is empowered to deal with terror related crimes across states without special permission from the states.
• Policy of Zero-Tolerance Against Terrorism: India calls for zero-tolerance against terrorism and focuses on developing a common strategy to curb it.

Measures to Counter Terrorism

• The United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism (UNOCT) is responsible for leading and coordinating the UN system’s efforts to prevent and combat terrorism and violent extremism worldwide.
• Under UNOCT, the UN Counter-Terrorism Centre (UNCCT) encourages global collaboration in the fight against terrorism and assists the Member States in putting the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy into practice.
• The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime’s (UNODC) Terrorism Prevention Branch (TPB) is a key player in global efforts.
• International standards are established by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), a global organization that monitors money laundering and terrorist funding with the goal of preventing these illicit actions and the harm they do to society.

Conclusion

A combined effort at the international level is the need of the hour to tackle the perils of terrorism. Terrorism of any form is unacceptable in a civilized society.

Q 46. Explain the state of painting during Mughal period.

Answer- Introduction

The Mughal pictures were small in size, and hence are known as ‘miniature paintings’. Though the Mughal art absorbed the Indian atmosphere, it neither represented the Indian emotions, nor the scenes from the daily life of the Indian.

State of painting during Mughal period

Mughal Painting: Mughal painting is the style of miniature painting that developed in the northern Indian subcontinent in the sixteenth century and continued till the mid–nineteenth century. It is known for its sophisticated techniques and diverse range of subjects and themes

Painting of Mughal Empire – Background

• Miniature painting has been developing in many places since the 10th century, and it flourished in numerous regional courts throughout the Sultanate of Delhi.
• When Humayun, the second Mughal emperor, returned from exile, he took two renowned Persian artists – Mir Sayyid Ali and Abd al-Samad – with him.
• These artists were Persian and they created several notable paintings, the ‘Khamsa of Nizami’, based on Humayun’s commands is one such.
• These paintings varied from the traditional style of Persian art, and so a new art form known as ‘Mughal Painting‘ was established.

Growth of Mughal School of Painting

• The Mughal painting quickly gained popularity among emperors, who found the concept of depicting oneself in a royal manner appealing.
• It was also a magnificent artistic medium through which they could display their bravery and accomplishments.
• Following Humayun’s death, his son Akbar took over and extended his father’s library.
• Akbar and Jahangir are credited with the development of Mughal art.
• The former had a library of 24000 manuscripts, many of which were accompanied by paintings.

Mughal Paintings During Akbar

• Akbar encouraged and supported art since he had learned the complexities of arts and paintings under Abd as-Samad.
• The Mughal painting progressed and developed at a remarkable speed throughout his reign.
• In his court, he had a large number of artists.
• ‘Tutinama,’ which literally translates to ‘Tales of a Parrot,’ was one of the first paintings of works commissioned by Akbar. It is a 52-part Persian narrative told in episodic form.
• Two Iranian artists, Abdus Samad and Mir Sayyid Ali were tasked with finishing the project, and it took them nearly five years to complete ‘Tutinama.’
• ‘Tutinama’ is currently on display at the Cleveland Museum of Art in Ohio.
• ‘Gulistan,’ ‘Darab Nama,’ ‘Khamsa of Nizami,’ ‘Baharistan’, are other renowned paintings commissioned by Akbar.
• At Fatehpur Sikri, Saadi Shirazi composed his masterpiece, ‘Gulistan’.
• From 1570 through 1585, Akbar employed over a hundred painters in his court to create Mughal artwork.

Conclusion

The establishment of the Mughal School of Painting is regarded as a watershed moment in Indian painting history. The Mughal School of Painting began under the reign of Akbar, who was passionate about the arts of painting and building in 1560 CE. During his reign, he built a painting workshop under the guidance of two Persian experts, Mir Sayyed Ali and Abdul Samad Khan, who had previously worked for his father, Humayun. Aurangzeb banned the paintings and a large number of court painters migrated. Bahadur Shah tried to revive but after 1712 CE, the Mughal painting again started deteriorating under the later Mughals.

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Q 47. Explain the consequences of Franco Prussian war of 1871.

Answer – Introduction

Franco-German War, also called Franco-Prussian War, (July 19, 1870–May 10, 1871), war in which a coalition of German states led by Prussia defeated France. The war marked the end of French hegemony in continental Europe and resulted in the creation of a unified Germany.

The consequences of Franco Prussian war of 1871:

The consequences of the Franco-Prussian war proved very significant in the history of Germany, France and Italy. They were disastrous for Napoleon III and the Second Napoleonic Empire, but on the other hand, they proved highly encouraging to Italy and Germany.

1. The southern states of Germany had taken part in the war in support of Prussia. After the defeat of France at Sedan, these states were freed from the dominance of France. These states were included in the confederation of Germany.

The unification of Germany was completed. A federal constitution was framed. William I, the King of Prussia, was made the Emperor of the German Empire. His coronation was celebrated in the royal palace of Versailles on January 18, 1871.

2. The Franco-Prussian war also completed the unification of Italy. By 1866 all states of Italy had been united into one nation except Rome. This state was under the dominance of Pope. The French army had been staying there since 1849 for the assistance of Pope.

When the war broke out in 1870, Napoleon III called his army back to fight against Prussia. Victor Emmanuel, the king of Piedmont-Sardinia took the advantage of the opportunity and attacked Rome.

3. The war proved to be the most disastrous in the history of France. The news of the downfall of Napoleon III at Sedan resounded throughout the world. On September 3, 1870 Napoleon III sent the message to Paris:

The army has been defeated and is captive, I myself am a prisoner.”

It meant that Napoleon III was no longer the head of the government of France. People began to shout: “Down with the Empire”, “Long Live the Republic”. The Second Napoleonic Empire was abolished and the Republican leaders proclaimed the Republic in France from the Hotel de Ville. It was called the Third Republic.

4. The treaty of Frankfort sowed the seeds of hostility and enmity between France and Germany. The provisions of the treaty were considerably humiliating to France.

It produced a feeling for avenging the insult in the hearts of the French. This treaty became the base of the foreign policy of Bismarck after 1871. No doubt, this hostility led to the First World War.

Q 48. Describe the powers of the President of India.

Answer – Introduction

The Indian President is the head of the state. He is the first citizen of India and is a symbol of solidarity, unity, and integrity of the nation. He is a part of Union Executive along with the Vice-President, Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, and Attorney-General of India.

The powers and functions of the President of India:

Executive Powers of president:

• For every executive action that the Indian government takes, is to be taken in his name
• He seeks administrative information from the Union government
• He requires PM to submit, for consideration of the council of ministers, any matter on which a decision has been taken by a minister but, which has not been considered by the council
• He can declare any area as a scheduled area and has powers with respect to the administration of scheduled areas and tribal areas

Legislative powers of president:

• It is the President who has the power to prorogue the Parliament and dissolve the Lok Sabha.
• It is the President who summons a joint sitting of both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha in case of deadlock.
• The Indian Parliament is addressed by the President at the first session of each general election.
• It is the President who appoints speaker, deputy speaker of Lok Sabha, and chairman and deputy chairman of Rajya Sabha is a case of vacancy.
• It is the President who has the right to nominate 12 members of the Rajya Sabha.
• It is the President who recommends or permits the introduction of particular types of bills, like Bill involving creation of states, alteration of boundaries, Transactions involving from Consolidated fund of India.

Financial powers of the president:

• To introduce the money bill, his prior recommendation is a must
• He causes Union Budget to be laid before the Parliament
• To make a demand for grants, his recommendation is a pre-requisite
• Contingency Fund of India is under his control
• He constitutes the Finance Commission every five years

Judicial powers of president:

• Appointment of Chief Justice and Supreme Court/High Court Judges are on him
• He takes advice from the Supreme Court, however, the advice is not binding on him
• He has pardoning power: Under article 72, he has been conferred with power to grant pardon against punishment for an offence against union law, punishment by a martial court, or death sentence.

Diplomatic Powers of President:

• International Treaties and agreements that are approved by the Parliament are negotiated and concluded in his name
• He is the representative of India in international forums and affairs

Military powers of President:

He is the commander of the defense forces of India. He appoints:

1. Chief of the Army
2. Chief of the Navy
3. Chief of the Air Force

Emergency powers of the President:

He deals with three types of emergencies given in the Indian Constitution:

1. National Emergency (Article 352)
2. President’s Rule (Article 356 & 365)
3. Financial Emergency (Article 360)

Conclusion

In India, the President is called the Executive head but he is only a titular head. Even though the President is given many powers, many of them are not very effective for e.g., even if the president sends a bill back to the Houses of Parliament for some modifications, the Parliament can resend it without any modifications and the President is bound to give his assent.

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Q 49. Describe the impacts of ‘social and religious reform movements’ on the Indian society.

Answer – Introduction

Social and religious reform movements arose among all communities of the Indian people. They attacked bigotry, superstition and the hold of the priestly class. They worked for the abolition of castes and untouchability, the purdah system, sati, child marriage, social inequalities and illiteracy.

Impacts of ‘social and religious reform movements’ on the Indian society

The impacts of the socio-religious reform movements were huge and long-lasting especially against social evils such as atrocities on women through purdah, child marriage, hypergamy, dowry and sex-based inequality. The reform movements of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were not solely religious in nature. It was a social-religious movement. Reformers such as Bengal’s Rammohan Roy, Gopal Hari Deshmukh (Lokhitavadi) of Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh’s Veeresalingam called for religious reform with the ultimate motive of political benefit and social progress. Rise of nationalism and a feeling of patriotism were other byproducts of these movements. It had an everlasting impact on the nation.

Socio-Religious Reform Movements – Impact

Creation of National Awakening

• Many Indians were aided in coming to terms with the modern world by religious reform groups.
• The intellectuals’ views and activities were either directly or indirectly tied to the task of nation-building and reconstruction.
• In truth, the social reform movement was not an isolated phenomenon; it was influenced by broader national political and economic factors.
• These movements paved the way for the rise of Indian nationalism and, finally, the war for independence.
• The socio-religious reform movements were, in some ways, a precursor to nationalism.

Evaluation of the Impact of Socio-Religious Movements

Positive Aspects

• These movements were able to contribute to the liberation of the individual from fear-based conformity and uncritical submission to exploitation by priests and other classes.
• The movements emphasized the ability of the human intellect to think and reason.
• The reform movements provided the rising middle classes with much-needed cultural roots to cling to, as well as a means of alleviating the sense of humiliation caused by a foreign power’s conquest.
• A major contribution of these reform movements was recognising the unique needs of modern times, particularly in terms of scientific knowledge, and thus promoting a modern, this-worldly, secular, and rational outlook.
• The reform movements sought to create a social climate conducive to modernization.

Conclusion

The nineteenth-century reform movements made a significant contribution to the development of contemporary India. They represented societal democratization, the abolition of superstition and heinous habits, the spread of enlightenment, and the development of a reasonable and modern worldview.

 Q 50. How does literacy play an important role in the success of a democracy? Explain.

Answer – Introduction

Literacy makes the voters educated and helps them in taking informed decisions as a voter. An educated citizen can easily understand the decisions taken by the government. Educated citizens are more likely to follow the laws.Z

literacy play an important role in the success of a democracy

1. Literacy and education play an important role in the development of individual and society.
2. Knowledge liberates citizens from ignorance. Any society needs a vigilant, conscious, and informed public for the successful functioning of the democracy.
3. Education enables people to think critically, rationally, and scientifically.
4. The right to vote can be properly exercised when voter can read newspapers, follow national and international developments, and participate in democratic process effectively.
5. Hence the proper functioning of democracy always depends on the literacy and mass education.

Conclusion

When citizens are literate, they’re more able to follow local politics and be informed of the issues that matter to their communities. They’re also more likely to vote and find other ways of participating in their local democracy.

 Q 51. Describe the contribution of Servetus and William Harvey in the field of medical science during the Renaissance.

Answer – Introduction

English physician William Harvey was the first to recognize the full circulation of the blood in the human body and to provide experiments and arguments to support this idea.

Contribution of Servetus and William Harvey in the field of medical science during the Renaissance

Key Findings in Harvey’s Blood Circulation

For the first time, Harvey found that the arteries and veins pump blood throughout the whole body, and so he’s also known as the father of the circulatory system. He discovered that the pulse of the heart keeps blood flowing at a steady rate throughout the body. He disproved long-held beliefs about how the heart and blood system worked, discovering that:

• Rather than coming from different parts of the body, the blood in the arteries and veins comes from the same place.                                                   
• Blood that goes through the arteries and into the tissues is not consumed.
• The circulation system is designed to transfer liquids rather than air. Although the blood on the right side is conveying air, it is still blood.
• Blood circulation is controlled by the heart, not the liver.
• The heart contracts at the same time it perceives a pulse.
• Blood is pumped into the aorta and pulmonary artery by the ventricles.
• The pulse is created by blood being forced into the arteries by the heart, expanding them rather than blood being sucked in by the arteries.
• Because the septum of the heart lacks arteries, all of the blood in the right ventricle travels to the lungs, then to the left ventricle through the pulmonary veins.
• Rather than flowing back and forth in the veins, blood goes continuously to the heart.

Contribution of Servetus

He studied medicine at the University of Paris in 1536, and during his subsequent medical practice, he discovered the pulmonary circulation that blood goes from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.

He was the first European physician to describe pulmonary circulation. He participated in Protestant Reformation and later developed a nontrinitarian Christology. Servetus spent his whole life struggling against dogmatism and intolerance that permeated Renaissance world.

Conclusion

William Harvey revolutionary study stated that blood circulates constantly through the body and he proved his theory through calculation, comparative anatomy and experimentation to reach his conclusions. These are the same methods that physicians who study anatomical circulation theories till today.

Q 52. Define the term bio-diversity Mention its different types.

Answer – Introduction

Biodiversity: Biodiversity describes the richness and variety of life on earth. It is the most complex and important feature of our planet. Without biodiversity, life would not sustain.

The term biodiversity was coined in 1985. It is important in natural as well as artificial ecosystems. It deals with nature’s variety, the biosphere. It refers to variabilities among plants, animals and microorganism species.

Biodiversity includes the number of different organisms and their relative frequencies in an ecosystem. It also reflects the organization of organisms at different levels.

Biodiversity holds ecological and economic significance. It provides us with nourishment, housing, fuel, clothing and several other resources. It also extracts monetary benefits through tourism. Therefore, it is very important to have a good knowledge of biodiversity for a sustainable livelihood.    

Biodiversity in India

India is one of the most diverse nations in the world. It ranks ninth in terms of plant species richness. Two of the world’s 25 biodiversity hotspots are found in India. It is the origin of important crop species such as pigeon pea, eggplant, cucumber, cotton and sesame. India is also a centre of various domesticated species such as millets, cereals, legumes, vegetables, medicinal and aromatic crops, etc.

India is equally diverse in its faunal wealth. There are about 91000 animal species found here.

Types of Biodiversity

There are the following three different types of biodiversity:

• Genetic Biodiversity
• Species Biodiversity
• Ecological Biodiversity

Genetic diversity

It refers to the variations among the genetic resources of the organisms. Every individual of a particular species differs from each other in their genetic constitution. That is why every human looks different from each other. Similarly, there are different varieties in the same species of rice, wheat, maize, barley, etc.

Species diversity

Species diversity refers to the variety of different types of species found in a particular area. It is the biodiversity at the most basic level. It includes all the species ranging from plants to different microorganisms.

No two individuals of the same species are exactly similar. For example, humans show a lot of diversity among themselves.

Ecological diversity

An ecosystem is a collection of living and non-living organisms and their interaction with each other. Ecological biodiversity refers to the variations in the plant and animal species living together and connected by food chains and food webs.

It is the diversity observed among the different ecosystems in a region. Diversity in different ecosystems like deserts, rainforests, mangroves, etc., include ecological diversity.

Conclusion

Biodiversity is our life. If the Biodiversity got lost at this rate, then in near future, the survival of human being will be threatened. So, it is our moral duty to conserve Biodiversity as well our Environment. Long- term maintenance of species and their management requires co-operative efforts across entire landscapes. Biodiversity should be dealt with a scale of habitats or ecosystems rather than at species level.

Q 53. Define ‘density of population’. Explain the physical factors affecting the density of population.

Answer – Introduction

Population density is the number of people living in a unit area of the earth’s surface. It is normally expressed as per square km.

Physical factors affecting the density of population

Climate

• One of the most significant natural factors is the climate. It determines the regional flora and fauna’s characteristics and impacts agriculture.
• The main hubs of the majority of human activity are the climatic belts. The world’s population distribution makes it clear that the most populous nations are primarily found in tropical areas.
• On the other hand, regions with harsh climatic conditions are typically sparsely populated because it is challenging to maintain human existence there.
• The populations of temperate countries are similarly high.
• The least populated areas are still the polar regions of the Arctic and Sub-Arctic.

Topography

• More people live in navigable areas than in undeveloped ones. A shortage of arable land makes mountains less desirable.
• High elevations generally have a physiological impact on people’s ability to adapt. Reduced air pressure and low oxygen levels are to blame for this.
• Coastal regions and low-lying plains are more favorable for human habitation.
• While the Ganges valley is one of the world’s most heavily populated regions, the Himalayas are sparsely populated.

Water

• A human being needs water to survive. The world’s prehistoric civilizations thrived in locations close to rivers and the coast.
• On their banks, the Nile, Amazon, and Ganges river systems supported wealthy civilizations because it is an important aspect of population distribution.
• A place’s fitness for habitation is determined by the amount of rainfall it receives, which benefits agriculture and vegetation.
• Large swaths of the desert are uninhabitable due to a lack of water. The rain-shadow side of a hill or mountain has less population for the same reason; nonetheless, the leeward side is frequently thickly populated.

Soil

• Soil quality influences the density and distribution of the population. Agriculture, which depends on good soil, provides a living for a sizeable portion of the people.
• The soil is one of the most vital raw materials the people need because it is where food crops are grown.
• High population densities can be seen in India’s coastal regions, deltas, and alluvial regions.
• On the other hand, dense populations cannot be supported in hilly areas where soil erosion is an issue, such as the Terai region of Uttarakhand or the sandy soils of the Rajasthani desert.

Mineral Resources

• Huge mineral resource deposits aided in the development of industry, which drew settlements. Mineral resources abound on the Chhota Nagpur plateau.
• The abundance of minerals is a major factor in the greater population densities in the Jharkhand region’s Chhota Nagpur Plateau and the nearby districts of Orissa.
• Disasters
• Natural disasters make population concentration less desirable.
• As people move to safer locations, frequent storms, earthquakes, floods, and wildfires inhibit the creation of towns.

Conclusion

The density of population in India is 382 persons per sq km. The hill states of the Himalayan region and North eastern states of India (excluding Assam) have relatively low densities while the Union Territories (excluding Andaman and Nicobar Islands) have very high densities of population.

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Q 53. Define ‘density of population’. Explain the physical factors affecting the density of population.

Answer – Introduction

Population density is the number of people living in a unit area of the earth’s surface. It is normally expressed as per square km.

Physical factors affecting the density of population

Climate

• One of the most significant natural factors is the climate. It determines the regional flora and fauna’s characteristics and impacts agriculture.
• The main hubs of the majority of human activity are the climatic belts. The world’s population distribution makes it clear that the most populous nations are primarily found in tropical areas.
• On the other hand, regions with harsh climatic conditions are typically sparsely populated because it is challenging to maintain human existence there.
• The populations of temperate countries are similarly high.
• The least populated areas are still the polar regions of the Arctic and Sub-Arctic.

Topography

• More people live in navigable areas than in undeveloped ones. A shortage of arable land makes mountains less desirable.
• High elevations generally have a physiological impact on people’s ability to adapt. Reduced air pressure and low oxygen levels are to blame for this.
• Coastal regions and low-lying plains are more favorable for human habitation.
• While the Ganges valley is one of the world’s most heavily populated regions, the Himalayas are sparsely populated.

Water

• A human being needs water to survive. The world’s prehistoric civilizations thrived in locations close to rivers and the coast.
• On their banks, the Nile, Amazon, and Ganges river systems supported wealthy civilizations because it is an important aspect of population distribution.
• A place’s fitness for habitation is determined by the amount of rainfall it receives, which benefits agriculture and vegetation.
• Large swaths of the desert are uninhabitable due to a lack of water. The rain-shadow side of a hill or mountain has less population for the same reason; nonetheless, the leeward side is frequently thickly populated.

Soil

• Soil quality influences the density and distribution of the population. Agriculture, which depends on good soil, provides a living for a sizeable portion of the people.
• The soil is one of the most vital raw materials the people need because it is where food crops are grown.
• High population densities can be seen in India’s coastal regions, deltas, and alluvial regions.
• On the other hand, dense populations cannot be supported in hilly areas where soil erosion is an issue, such as the Terai region of Uttarakhand or the sandy soils of the Rajasthani desert.

Mineral Resources

• Huge mineral resource deposits aided in the development of industry, which drew settlements. Mineral resources abound on the Chhota Nagpur plateau.
• The abundance of minerals is a major factor in the greater population densities in the Jharkhand region’s Chhota Nagpur Plateau and the nearby districts of Orissa.
• Disasters
• Natural disasters make population concentration less desirable.
• As people move to safer locations, frequent storms, earthquakes, floods, and wildfires inhibit the creation of towns.

Conclusion

The density of population in India is 382 persons per sq km. The hill states of the Himalayan region and North eastern states of India (excluding Assam) have relatively low densities while the Union Territories (excluding Andaman and Nicobar Islands) have very high densities of population.

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Q 54. Define sex ratio. Why is the sex ratio unfavorable in India?

Answer – Introduction

Sex ratio means the number of females/1000 males. This ratio gives the number of females in 1000 males. This ratio tends to be 1:1. Deviations have been observed in this trend very often. It is given by pattern by age- higher at a very young age, the gap narrows with increasing age and goes below 100 by middle age.

Importance:

Sex ratios are among the most basic of demographic parameters and provide an indication of both the relative survival of females and males and the future breeding potential of a population.

Sex ratio unfavourable in India:

In India, there are several reasons for an unfavourable sex ratio.

1. Literacy levels – The low literacy levels in India especially in rural areas is a major factor responsible for low female sex-ratio.
2. Lack of awareness – The basic awareness that for any healthy society female population is equally essential as the male population is, lacks in our country and makes infant birthrates unfavourable to females.
3. Female infanticide/foeticide – Females are generally considered as burden on parents and so are many times killed either before birth (female Foeticide) or after birth (female infanticide).
4. Health conditions – Per capita calorie consumption for females is extremely low for all age groups. Many small and young girls suffer from malnutrition related diseases and die at an early age.

Q 55. How does climate change affect agriculture in India?

Answer – Introduction

Climate change can affect farmers’ ability to grow crops as well as the infrastructure required to transport and store food supplies by increasing the frequency and intensity of droughts, floods, and storms. Changes in seasonal weather patterns, which farmers are accustomed to, also make planning plantings and harvests more difficult. Warming ocean temperatures are causing range shifts for fish and shellfish species, affecting fisheries.

Though plants require carbon dioxide to grow, higher levels of CO2 in the atmosphere are not always beneficial to agriculture. Researchers discovered that higher carbon dioxide levels result in crops with lower nutritional value. Climate change is also threatening India’s agricultural growth with frequent dry spells, heat waves and erratic rainfall. Besides, the changing rainfall patterns in the form of delayed onset or early withdrawal has adversely affected the cropping cycle and farm operations.

Climate Change:

Climate change refers to a long-term change in the average conditions of a region, such as temperature and rainfall. For example, glaciers covered much of the United States 20,000 years ago. Today’s climate is warmer and with fewer glaciers.

The Global climate changes refers to the long-term average changes across the entire planet. These include rising temperatures and precipitation changes, as well as the effects of global warming, such as:

• Increasing sea levels
• Mountain glaciers are receding.
• Greenland, Antarctica, and the Arctic are melting at a faster rate than usual.
• The Changes in the blooming times of the flowers and plants.

Changing Climate Affecting Agriculture:

Floods- We’ve already seen an increase in flooding in many agricultural regions of the country, including the Midwest, the Southern Plains, and California. Sea level rise is also ratcheting up the frequency and intensity of flooding on farms in coastal regions. These costly floods devastate crops and livestock, accelerate soil erosion, pollute water, and damage roads, bridges, schools, and other infrastructure.

Droughts- Too little water can be just as damaging as too much. Severe droughts have taken a heavy toll on crops, livestock, and farmers in many parts of the country, most notably California, the Great Plains, and the Midwest, over the past decade-and science tells us that rising temperatures will likely make such droughts even worse, depleting water supplies and, in some cases, spurring destructive wildfires.

Changes in crop and livestock viability- Farmers choose crop varieties and animal breeds that are well suited to local conditions. As those conditions shift rapidly over the coming decades, many farmers will be forced to rethink some of their choices-which can mean making new capital investments, finding new markets, and learning new practices.

New pests, pathogens, and weed problems- Just as farmers will need to find new crops, livestock, and practices, they will have to cope with new threats. An insect or weed that couldn’t thrive north of Texas in decades past may find Iowa a perfect fit going forward—and farmers will have to adapt.

 Conclusion

Climate change poses a growing threat to sustainable development. The expected effects of climate change could seriously compromise the ability of the agriculture sectors to feed the world, and severely undermine progress toward eradicating hunger, malnutrition and poverty.

Q 56. Describe the importance of postal and telephone services in India.

Answer – Introduction

Postal service: Postal service is an important means of communication for business organizations to exchange information. A business needs various information, orders, complaints etc. For exchanging such information between the personnel or office, post office plays the role of a mediator by providing postal service.

Telephone services: India is the world’s second-largest telecommunications market with a subscriber base of 1.16 billion and has registered strong growth in the last decade. The Indian mobile economy is growing rapidly and will contribute substantially to India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) according to a report prepared by GSM Association (GSMA) in collaboration with Boston Consulting Group (BCG).

Importance of postal and telephone services in India:

World Postal Day is celebrated on the 9th of October with the purpose of highlighting the functions and the importance of postal services. In the history of the Indian postal service, there were stories of 10 paisa postcards along with yellow envelopes, money orders, and telegraphs.

Indian postal service features-

The Indian Postal service needs to manage a lot of duties and responsibilities. Its various functions are as follows:

• To manage various divisions and monitor the postal services.
• To look after mail administration in every post office division.
• To expand and optimise postal network planning in all divisions.
• To manage finances, technology, and materials.
• Also, one of the important features of the Indian postal service is to do marketing, for example, insurance and banking.
• To coordinate with other government agencies like district administration and the police force.

Indian telephone services features-

1. Telecommunications allows for development and participation.

Telecommunications is becoming increasingly important in enabling the involvement and development of individuals in geographically disadvantaged communities and nations, whether in rural areas of the United States or in developing countries.

2. Telecommunications infrastructure is critical for national security.

Telecommunications are critical for disaster recovery, maintaining military dominance, and ensuring homeland security. It is critical to maintain communication capability while also having superior capability when fighting an enemy. Relying on foreign suppliers for innovation, technologies, applications, and services poses risks.

3. Telecommunications provides a technological foundation for societal communications.

Communication is essential to the basic functions of any society, from business to government to families. In reality, interpersonal communication is the defining characteristic that distinguishes an organisation, community, or society from a group of individuals. Instant messaging, cell phone calling, Web browsing, and other forms of communication are becoming increasingly integrated into how we work, play, and live.

Conclusion

Postal and telephone services play a very important role in the present era such as we easily contact to one state to another state. These services accelerate to our economic growth.

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